以全国统一大市场促进产需有机衔接******
作者：崔琳
完善的市场体系可以推动资源配置实现效益最大化和效率最优化，高效的流通体系能够在更大范围更深程度把生产和消费有机联系起来。《扩大内需战略规划纲要（2022—2035年）》将“健全现代市场和流通体系，促进产需有机衔接”作为深入实施扩大内需战略的重点任务。
建设全国统一大市场，打通制约产需衔接的制度梗阻。市场是当今世界最稀缺的资源，我国拥有包含14亿多人口的超大规模市场和联合国产业分类中的全部工业门类，国民经济的产需两端都蕴含着巨大的发展潜力。在此基础上，能否有效开发市场需求、持续改善供给质量，形成需求牵引供给、供给创造需求的更高水平动态平衡，关系到国民经济循环的健康与畅通。当前，国民经济在生产、分配、流通、消费等环节仍存在堵点、断点，制约要素市场化配置的制度性阻碍依然存在，垄断经营、准入限制、地方保护与行政壁垒等妨碍公平竞争的因素尚未消除。解决以上问题的关键一招就是建设全国统一大市场，通过理顺地方竞争关系、明晰政府与市场边界，构筑起支撑市场高效运转的制度地基，以统一的市场基础制度规则、统一的要素商品和服务市场、统一的市场监管标准与高水平的现代物流体系，破除封闭小市场、地方小循环，打通制约供给质量提升与需求优化升级的制度梗阻，形成供需互促、产销并进、畅通高效的国内大循环，持续释放内需潜力，加快构建新发展格局。建设全国统一大市场应以实现产需高水平动态平衡为目标，坚持问题导向和系统思维，从供给侧和需求端同时发力，全方位激发内需活力，既应着眼于消除阻碍生产者科学决策、有效生产的制度性壁垒，提升供给效率与质量，又应着力降低交易成本，发挥市场的规模效应和集聚效应，满足并扩大市场需求，在供求两端不断改善的过程中促进产需的高水平衔接。
现阶段，以全国统一大市场促进产需有机衔接需要把握以下三个政策要点。
一是深化要素市场化配置改革，促进资源有效配置。要素市场是现阶段制约我国高标准市场体系建设的主要短板，突出表现为城乡统一的建设用地市场仍不完善，劳动力在城乡、区域和单位之间仍然存在流动障碍，多层次资本市场体系有待建立，科研主体与市场主体存在分割，要素数据的确权与收益规则尚未明确等。为此，应着力消除制约生产要素自由流动的体制机制障碍，推动劳动力、土地、知识、技术、数据等要素资源的市场化配置改革，使要素价格真实反映市场供求与资源稀缺程度，提高资源配置效率。
二是锚定高水平社会主义市场经济体制目标，加快建设公平统一、竞争有序的大市场。我国经济体制改革的目标是建立更加系统完备、更加成熟定型的高水平社会主义市场经济体制，为此必须首要回答建设什么样的市场、怎样建设市场这一关键问题，而公平统一、竞争有序的全国大市场就是构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制最重要的客观基础。市场秩序公平有序的关键在于市场规则的统一性、公平性和可预期性，不同所有制企业在要素获取、准入许可、标准制定等方面享有平等待遇，通过制度规则的“安全感”稳定企业家预期，激发潜在投资需求。全国统一大市场建设的关键在于重构地方政府间围绕高质量发展的健康竞合关系，破除地方保护和市场分割，及时清理废除妨碍统一市场的各类规定与做法，提高市场准入效能，全面推动我国市场由大到强转变。
三是强化现代流通体系建设，切实保障产需衔接效率与安全。物流体系是连接产需两端的生命线，加快建设现代物流体系是建设全国统一大市场的应有之义，实施扩大内需战略必须以布局合理、整体畅通、安全高效的物流网络为依托。在需求端，要优化现代商贸体系，完善高水平商品交易市场，建设满足差异性偏好的多样化商贸设施。在供给端，要从提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平的高度出发加快发展现代物流体系，实现区域、城乡、国际物流的快速联通，提高物流体系对产需两端的适配性，形成内外联通、安全高效的物流网络。（崔琳）
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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